Digging out the roots is a labor intensive but effective way to eliminate the entire plant. For taller bamboo stalks, chop down the culm before digging. First wet the ground with some water to help loosen the soil. Next, use a shovel to dig around the bamboo. Once you hit the rhizome, start pulling the plant out. If you miss a single rhizome, the plant will grow back, so you need to remove all the rhizomes and the whole root system.
If you want to learn more about that type of plants you don’t want in your garden read something related to the most poisonous plants, too.